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Bradford in Figures
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The Local Economy
Overview
* Bradford and District has the regions third largest economy and accounts for 9% of all employment in the region and 21% in the sub region. The District holds 9.1% of the regional business stock.
* The Annual Business Inquiry of 2002 showed that there were 14,582 business units within Bradford and District employing 195,000 people.
* Recent employment growth has been lower than regional and national averages. Large falls in traditional manufacturing industries have negated the impact of respectable service sector growth.
* Average residence based earnings are low. There is a significant gap between the average wage paid by Bradford firms and the wage earned by residents of the District.
* Whilst unemployment has fallen to historically low levels, employment rates are also falling due to increased levels of inactivity. Bradford has one of the lowest employment rates in the region and is ranked fifth most employment deprived local authority in England, according to the 2004 Index of Multiple Deprivation.
Despite the development of new industries and an unemployment rate that is at its lowest level for two decades, Bradford District remains a low wage, low skill economy with higher than average levels of unemployment. Average earnings and employment rates are significantly lower than national averages.
Within the District there are wide variations in the levels of unemployment, employment and economic deprivation both geographically and across different ethnic groups.
Employment
The story of recent years is an employment structure that is moving closer to the national picture with service employment rising to compensate for losses in manufacturing. Figures for 2002 show:
* 77.3% of employment is in the service sector. Service sector employment continues to grow and is closer to the national figure of 80.4%
* Manufacturing employment, though declining, accounts for 17.9% of total employment compared to the national figure of 13.4%.
* Construction employment at 3.6% is lower than the national average of 4.5%.
| % of employment by broad
industrial sector in Bradford and Great Britain 2002 |
||
|---|---|---|
| Bradford and District | Great Britain | |
| Primary | 1.2 |
1.7 |
| Manufacturing | 17.9 |
13.4 |
| Construction | 3.6 |
4.5 |
| Service Sector | 77.3 |
80.4 |
| Source: Annual Business Inquiry | ||
Changes in Employment since 1974
Comparisons over time show the number of manufacturing jobs has fallen from 89,000 in 1974 to 34,900 in 2002, a loss of 55,000 jobs. Service sector employment increased by 54,700 over the same period. Total employment fall slightly over the period but has recovered from the recessions of the late 1970s and 1980s. In 1987 there were 15,000 less jobs than there are now.
| Employment by broad industrial sector in Bradford District 1974 - 2002 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | 1987 | 1995 | 2002 | Change 1974 - 2002 | % Change 1974 - 2002 | |
| Primary | N/A |
N/A |
2,900 |
2,300 |
N/A |
N/A |
| Manufacturing | 89,900 |
53,500 |
47,000 |
34,900 |
-55,000 |
-61.2 |
| Construction | 7,800 |
5,400 |
6,000 |
7,000 |
-800 |
-10.3 |
| Service Sector | 95,800 |
115,800 |
129,800 |
150,500 |
+54,700 |
+57.1 |
| Total | 195,500 |
178,200 |
185,700 |
194,700 |
-800 |
-0.4 |
| Source: Bradford Council: Department of Regeneration and Housing | ||||||
Recent Employment Trends
Whilst employment grew over the period 1998 - 2002; when compared to national growth, the District has under-performed to a significant degree. This is largely due to a large fall in manufacturing employment negating the impact of service sector growth. Headline figures show that:
* Total employment has increased by 0.5% between 1998 and 2002 compared to a national rise of 4.9%/
* Employment in services grew by 8.1% compared to a national growth of 9.8%.
* Manufacturing employment fell by almost a quarter (-23.4%), a loss of over 1,000 jobs and compared with a national fall of 15.5%.
| Employment change by
Industry in Bradford District 1998 - 2002 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employees | % Change | ||||
| 1998 | 2002 | Bradford | GB | ||
| Primary Industries | 2,291 |
2,262 |
-1.3 |
-11.5 |
|
| Manufacturing: | 45,582 |
34,894 |
-23.4 |
-15.5 |
|
Food and Drink |
4,131 |
4,870 |
17.9 |
-8.0 |
|
| Textiles |
7,628 |
3,336 |
-56.3 |
-34.2 |
|
| Print and Packaging |
5,579 |
4,046 |
-27.5 |
-4.8 |
|
| Chemicals |
3,875 |
2,686 |
-30.7 |
-9.6 |
|
| Engineering |
14,638 |
12,174 |
-16.8 |
-16.9 |
|
| Construction | 6,625 |
6,983 |
5.4 |
4.0 |
|
| Services: | 139,242 |
150,550 |
9.1 |
9.8 |
|
| Retail | 24,418 |
26,203 |
7.3 |
10.9 |
|
| Hotels and Catering | 9,373 |
9,477 |
1.1 |
8.9 |
|
| Transport | 3,123 |
2,927 |
-6.3 |
-1.9 |
|
| Post & Telecommunications | 2,575 |
3,155 |
22.5 |
16.5 |
|
| Banking, Finance and Insurance | 8,332 |
9,380 |
12.6 |
5.1 |
|
| Real Estate, Business Services | 17,557 |
19,409 |
10.5 |
12.1 |
|
| Public Admin/Education | 29,282 |
30,661 |
4.7 |
10.6 |
|
| Health & Social Work | 22,114 |
24,225 |
9.5 |
10.9 |
|
| Recreation, Culture & Sport | 3,336 |
3,880 |
16.3 |
26.4 |
|
| Total employment | 193,739 |
194,687 |
0.5 |
4.9 |
|
| Source: Annual Business Inquiry 2002 | |||||
Industry by Sector
Total employment has increased by 0.5% since 1998. The broad sectors that have seen employment growth over this time are Post and Telecommunications (+22.5%), Food and Drink (+17.9%), Financial Services (+12.6%), Health and Social Work (+9.5%), Retail and Distribution (+7.3%), and Construction (+5.4%).
Sectors that have seen a significant decline include Textiles (-56.3%), Chemicals (-30.7%), Print and Packaging (-27.5%), and
Engineering (-16.8%).
Earnings
Average earnings in the District are below national and sub national averages, but have closed the gap over the last year goring by 7.3% compared with a national growth of 2.6%. The average hourly earnings figure for Bradford and District in April 2003 was £10.80. This was lower than the national average of £12.00 and the West Yorkshire figure of £11.00.
| Average Earnings (£s per hour including overtime) 2002 - 2003 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 2003 | % Growth | |
| GB | 11.70 |
12.00 |
2.6 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 10.20 |
10.60 |
4.1 |
| West Yorkshire | 10.50 |
11.00 |
4.5 |
| Bradford | 10.10 |
10.80 |
7.3 |
| Source: New Earnings Survey 2003 | |||
Average workplace based earnings for 2003 were £427 per week, below the Great Britain average of £475, but close to the West Yorkshire average of £435 and the regional figure of £426.
| Average Workplace based Full Time Earnings 2003 (£) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Persons | |
| GB | 525.00 |
396.00 |
475.80 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 463.80 |
360.40 |
425.50 |
| West Yorkshire | 475.80 |
369.00 |
434.60 |
| Bradford | 472.90 |
357.60 |
426.60 |
| Source: New Earnings Survey 2003 | |||
Average residence based earnings were significantly lower which means the average wage paid by firms in Bradford is less than the average wage earned by people living in Bradford. This could be because higher paid jobs in the District are more likely to be taken by people living outside the District. It could also be that people living in the District but working elsewhere are in lower paid jobs.
| Average residence based Full Time Earnings 2003 (£) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Persons | |
| GB | 525.00 |
396.00 |
475.80 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 467.60 |
357.70 |
427.50 |
| West Yorkshire | 466.90 |
365.40 |
428.20 |
| Bradford | 440.00 |
346.70 |
404.30 |
| Source: New Earnings Survey 2003 | |||
Unemployment
Whilst unemployment has fallen over the past two decades, the Bradford District ILO unemployment rate is significantly higher than both the Regional and National rates.
| Unemployment Rates | |
|---|---|
| Area | ILO Unemployment Rate |
| Bradford District | 6.9% |
| Yorkshire and Humberside | 5.1% |
| UK | 5.0% |
| Source: Local Area Labour Force Survey 2001 - 2002 | |
Within the District there are wide variations in the levels of unemployment both geographically and across different ethnic groups. There are also wide variations in employment rates across the District. In some wards less than 50% of the working population is in employment.
| Unemployment rates by ethnicity | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ethnic Group | 1991 Census Rate | 2001 Census |
| All persons | 10.9% |
6.9% |
| White | 8.9% |
5.3% |
| African Caribbean | 21.2% |
11.1% |
| Indian | 15.3% |
7.2% |
| Pakistani | 36.0% |
20.2% |
| Bangladeshi | 36.6% |
17.1% |
| Other | 22.1% |
13.1% |
| Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001 | ||
Economic Activity and Employment Rates
The following table and graph contain data from the 1991 and 2001 Population Censuses. Clearly the District has experienced very significant falls in both economic activity and employment rates between the Census dates. Data from the Local Labour Force Survey in figure 2 shows that these trends continue into 2002/2003.
| Bradford District - trends in economic activity and employment rates 1991 to 2001 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 2001 | Change 1991 - 2001 | |||||
| Number | Rate (%) | Number | Rate (%) | Number | % change in numbers | % point change in rates | |
| Economic activity | 207,200 | 76.7 | 202,300 | 72.2 | -4,900 | -2.4 | -4.5 |
| Employment | 184,100 | 68.2 | 186,500 | 66.6 | +2,400 | +1.3 | -1.6 |
The following table provides an assessment of the number of working age people at 2001 that would have been required to have been economically active or employed in addition to the existing numbers in order to raise the District's economic activity and employment rates to regional and national levels.
This shows that an additional 10,600 people were required to be economically active to raise the District's economic activity rate to the regional level and 13,100 people to achieve the national economic activity rate. Regarding employment rates, an additional 13,400 people would need to be in employment in the District to reach the regional employment rate and 16,000 to reach the national employment rate at 2001.
| Raising Economic Activity and Employment Rates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 2001 | Bradford Number | Bradford Rate (%) | Y&H Regional Rate | Extra required in District to achieve regional rates | National Rate (%) | Extra required in District to achieve national rates |
| Economic Activity | 205,000 |
73.6 |
77.4 |
10,600 |
78.3 |
13,100 |
| Employment | 191,000 |
68.5 |
73.4 |
13,400 |
74.3 |
16,000 |
| Source: Local Area Labour Force Survey: NOMIS | ||||||
Household Incomes
There is wide variation in household incomes across the District. The average household income in the District was £25,700; whilst looking at postcode sectors the highest incomes were found in LS29 (Ilkley), BD16 (Bingley), BD17 (Baildon), and BD20 (Upper Aire Valley) whilst the lowest incomes were in the inner areas of Bradford and Keighley, with BD3 (Bradford Moor/Thornbury) having the lowest household income of £17,600.
There is also a marked differerence between inner Bradford at £20,900 and outer Bradford at £28,500. The average household income rose by 9% in outer Bradford over the year compared to a growth of 4% in inner Bradford.
Index of Local Deprivation 2004
More information
For more information about business in Bradford :
http://www.buy-Bradford.org.uk
For more information about the 2001 Census results:
http://www.bradford.gov.uk/council/census2001/Homepage.asp
This site was last updated on 6th August 2003
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The Local Economy |
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